Kenneth Joseph Arrow is an American economist, Professor Emeritus of Economics in Stanford, and joint winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with John Hicks in 1972. Arrow was born on August 23, 1921, in New York City. Arrow's mother, Lilian, was from Iasi, and his father, Harry, was from Podu Iloaiei. He graduated from Townsend Harris High School and then earned a Bachelor's degree from the City College of New York in 1940 in mathematics. He received a Master's degree in 1941. He was one of the recipients of the 2004 National Medal of Science. Among Arrow’s major publications are Social Choice and Individual Values (1951), Essays in the Theory of Risk Bearing (1971), and The Limits of Organization (1974).